sade075

Definition Pertussis (Whooping Cough) is an acute disease of the respiratory tract. Found in children younger than 5 years, especially in children age 2-3 years. Cause Pertussis is caused by gram-negative Bordetella Pertussis. Clinical Overview These symptoms occur 1-2 weeks after contact with the infected person and preceded by an incubation period of 7-14 days. Typically, the disease lasts for 6 weeks or more. That is why the disease is called cough hundred days. On his way, pertussis includes several stages, namely: Kataralis which marked the onset of a mild cough, especially at night, accompanied by mild fever and runny nose. This stage lasts 1-2 weeks. In the catarrhal stage indistinguishable from that caused by a viral respiratory infection Second is the spasmodic stage lasts 2-4 weeks. Symptoms, cough more often, people with sweat, and blood vessels in the face of wide-neck. Long coughing attack usually ends with a distinctive high-pitched sound (whooping caugh) and accompanied ...

The best management of cough is best to specific drug delivery to the etiology. Three forms of management of cough are: 1. Without the drug delivery Cases with a cough without the interference caused by acute illness and heal itself usually does not need medication. 2. Specific Treatment This treatment is given to the causes of cough . If the cause of cough is known then the treatment should be directed towards the cause. With an integrated diagnostic evaluation, in almost all patients can be a known cause of chronic cough . Specific treatment depends on the etiology or the cough mechanism. Asthma treated with bronchodilators or corticosteroids. Post nasal drip due to sinusitis treated with antibiotics, nasal spray and antihistamine-decongestant combinations, post nasal drip due to allergies or non allergic rhinitis dealt with avoiding environments that have the precipitating factors and antihistamine-decongestant combinations. Gastroesophageal reflux treated by elevating the head,...

Cough Reflex Cough reflex consists of five main components, ie, cough receptors, afferent nerve fibers, central cough, nervous system and efferent effectors. A cough begins with a stimulus on cough receptor. These receptors are non-myelinated nerve fibers in the form of finely located both inside and outside the thoracic cavity. Located within the thoracic cavity, among others, contained in the larynx, trachea, bronchi and the pleura. Will decrease the number of receptors on the branches of a small bronchus, and a large number of receptors found in the larynx, trachea, carina and bronchus branching region. The receptors are also found even in the ear canal, stomach, hilum, paranasalis sinus, pericardial and diaphragm. The most important afferents exist in the branch of the vagus, which excitatory flow of the larynx, trachea, bronchus, pleura, stomach, and also stimulate the ear through the Arnold branch of n. Vagus. Trigeminal nerve stimulation of the sinus paranasalis channeling, c...

Cough Cough is a symptom of the most common disease in which the prevalence was found in about 15% in children and 20% in adults. One out of ten patients who visited the doctor's office each year has a chief complaint of cough. Coughing can cause bad feelings, sleep disorders, affecting daily activities and reduce quality of life. Cough is a complex physiological reflex that protects the lung from mechanical trauma, chemical and temperature. Coughing is also a natural defense mechanism of lung airway to keep it clean and open to the street: Prevent the entry of foreign objects into the respiratory tract. Remove foreign objects or abnormal secretions from the respiratory tract. Coughing becomes physiologically when perceived as a nuisance. Such a cough is often a sign of a disease within or outside the lungs and sometimes are the early symptoms of a disease. Cough may be very significant on the transmission of disease through the air (air-borne infection). Cough is one of the sympto...

Lung defense mechanisms are very important in explaining the occurrence of respiratory infections. lung has defense mechanisms to prevent bacteria from entering into the lungs. cleaning mechanism are: 1. Cleaning mechanism in the conductive airways , including: • Reepitelisasi airway • The flow of mucus on the surface epithelium • Bacteria naturally or "epithelial-cell binding site analogue" • Local humoral factors (IgG and IgA) • Components of the local microbial • Mucosilliar transport system • Sneezing and coughing reflexes Upper respiratory tract (nasopharynx and oropharynx) is a defense mechanism through the barrier against the entry of the anatomy and mechanism of pathogenic microorganisms. Cilia and mucus push microorganisms out of the way coughed or swallowed. If there is dysfunction of cilia as in Kartagener's syndrome, the use of nasogastric tube and pipe nasotracheal long can disrupt the flow of secretions that have been contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. ...

Definitions Edema , in general, means swelling. This typically occurs when fluid from the inside of blood vessels leak out of blood vessels into surrounding tissues, causing swelling. This can occur because of too much pressure in blood vessels or there is not enough proteins in the blood stream to hold the liquid in the plasma (part of blood that does not contain any blood cells). Pulmonary Edema is the term used when edema occurs in the lungs. The area immediately outside of the small blood vessels in the lung occupied by air pockets are very small, called alveoli. This is where oxygen from the air through which blood is taken by, and carbon dioxide in the blood released into the alveoli to exhaled out. Normal alveoli have very thin walls that allow air exchange, and liquids are usually kept away from the walls of the alveoli-dindig unless it loses its integrity. Pulmonary edema is an accumulation of fluid in the lungs due to sudden increase in intravascular pressure. Pulmonary ed...

Pulmonary embolism is the obstruction of one or more pulmonary artery by a thrombus originating from somewhere. (Brunner and Suddarth) Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance That has Travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism). (Wikipedia) Causes Most cases of pulmonary embolism according to Brunner and Suddarth caused by 1. Blood clot 2. Air bubble 3. Fat 4. Tumor cells Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Overview Causes Clinical Manifestations Pathophysiology Diagnostic Examination Investigations Complication Medical Management Clinical Manifestations The symptoms of pulmonary embolism depends on the size of the thrombus and the area of ​​the pulmonary artery is clogged by a thrombus. The symptoms may be nonspecific. Chest pain is the most common symptom and usually has a sudden onset and is pleuritic. Subternal sometimes can and can mimic angina pectoris or myocardial infarction. Dyspnea is the sec...

Occupational asthma is a respiratory disease characterized by attacks of shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing, which is caused by a variety of materials encountered in the workplace. These symptoms usually occur due to spasm of the muscles lining the airways, so that the airway becomes very narrow. Cause Many substances (allergens, the cause of the symptoms) in the workplace that can cause asthma due to work. The most common are protein molecules (wood dust, grain dust, animal dander, mold particles) or other chemicals (especially diisocyanate). Exact figures of the incidence of asthma because of the work is unknown, but suspected of approximately 20-20% of asthma in industrialized countries was asthma because of the work. The workers who are at high risk for suffering from asthma because of the work is; Plastic workers Metal worker Firing workers Mill worker Workers grain Laboratory workers Woodworker Workers at the pharmaceutical Workers at the detergent factory. Symptoms Symp...

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a disease of chronic bacterial infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast bacilli are transmitted through the air. The disease is characterized by granuloma formation in infected tissues. Patients with tuberculosis in the Asian region continues to grow. So far, Asia including the region with the highest spread of tuberculosis in the world. Every 30 seconds, there was one patient in Asia died from the disease. Eleven of the 22 countries with the highest numbers of TB cases are in Asia, including Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan. Four of five patients with TB in Asia, including the productive age group. Etiology Tuberculosis is caused by TB germs are mycobacterium tuberculosis measuring 0.3 x 2-4 cm. The nature of this bacteria is aerobic is more like living in a high tissue oxygen levels and also in cells that are dormant bacilli is not active but if the bacilli out of the cell will proliferate, the patient will experience a ...

Most lung cancers originate from cells in the lungs, but lung cancer can also originate from cancer in other body parts that spread to the lungs. Lung cancer is the most common cancer in both men and women. Lung cancer is also the leading cause of cancer deaths. Types of Lung Cancer More than 90% of lung cancers originated from the bronchi (large airways into the lungs), cancer is called carcinoma bronchogenic, which consists of: Squamous cell carcinoma Small cell carcinoma or squamous cell wheat Large cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma. Alveolar cell carcinoma derived from air pockets (alveoli) in the lungs. This cancer can be a single growth, but often strike more than one area in the lung. Lung tumors are less common are: Adenoma (can be malignant or benign) Condromatous hamartoma (benign) Sarcoma (malignant) Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymph system, which can be derived from the lung or is spread from another organ. Many cancers that originate from other places to spread to the lun...

Pleurisy is irritation and inflammation in the pleura. Pathophysiology and Etiology Secondary occur as a result of the primary causes such as pneumonia (bacterial or viral) , pulmonary embolism , pulmonary tuberculosis , bronchiectasis . Associated with rib fractures and thoracic wall. Irritation that comes from below the diaphragm: hepatitis or abscess subfrenik. Pleurodinia epidemic (Bornholm disease, devil's grippe). Pleurodinia epidemics such as " lupus erythematosus " Inflammation of the pleura with fibrineus exudate can lead to pleural adhesions. Pleurisy Symtomps Complaints and symptoms according to the basic disease, such as pneumonia, pulmonary infarction, but the protruding chest pain. Chest pain like being stabbed associated with inspiration and expiration. Breathing becomes shallow and rapid. Because of pain, reduced chest expansion on the sore area and decreased breath sounds. Pleural friction sound can be heard on breathing in, especially on the " dry...

Bronchopneumonia   is a type of lung infection caused by infectious agents and are in the area around the bronchi and alveoli. Etiology In general, individuals who are stricken with bronchopneumonia caused by a decrease in the body's defense mechanism against the virulence of pathogenic organisms. People who have a normal and healthy body's defense mechanisms against respiratory organs which comprises: glottis and the cough reflex, presence of mucous layer, the movement of cilia that move the bacteria out of the organ, and local humoral secretion. Incidence of bronchopneumonia caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, and rickettsial. , among others: Bacteria: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, H. Influenzae, Klebsiella. Virus: Legionella pneumoniae Fungi: Aspergillus species, Candida albicans Aspiration of food, oropharyngeal secretions or gastric contents into the lungs Pulmonary congestion occurs because the old one. Another cause of pneumonia is...